When the sun was sunken, he set out to visit

The lofty hall-building, how the Ring-Danes had used it

For beds and benches when the banquet was over.

Then he found there reposing many a noble

Asleep after supper; sorrow the heroes,

Misery knew not. The monster of evil

Greedy and cruel tarried but little,

Fell and frantic, and forced from their slumbers

Thirty of thanemen; thence he departed

Leaping and laughing, his lair to return to,

With surfeit of slaughter sallying homeward.

In the dusk of the dawning, as the day was just breaking,

Was Grendel’s prowess revealed to the warriors:

Then, his meal-taking finished, a moan was uplifted,

Morning-cry mighty. The man-ruler famous,

The long-worthy atheling, sat very woful,

Suffered great sorrow, sighed for his liegemen,

When they had seen the track of the hateful pursuer,

The spirit accursèd: too crushing that sorrow,

Too loathsome and lasting. Not longer he tarried,

But one night after continued his slaughter

Shameless and shocking, shrinking but little

From malice and murder; they mastered him fully.

He was easy to find then who otherwhere looked for

A pleasanter place of repose in the lodges,

A bed in the bowers. Then was brought to his notice

Told him truly by token apparent

The hall-thane’s hatred: he held himself after

Further and faster who the foeman did baffle.

So ruled he and strongly strove against justice

Lone against all men, till empty uptowered

The choicest of houses. Long was the season:

Twelve-winters’ time torture suffered

The friend of the Scyldings, every affliction,

Endless agony; hence it after became

Certainly known to the children of men

Sadly in measures, that long against Hrothgar

Grendel struggled:—his grudges he cherished,

Murderous malice, many a winter,

Strife unremitting, and peacefully wished he

Life-woe to lift from no liegeman at all of

The men of the Dane-folk, for money to settle,

No counsellor needed count for a moment

On handsome amends at the hands of the murderer;

The monster of evil fiercely did harass,

The ill-planning death-shade, both elder and younger,

Trapping and tricking them. He trod every night then

The mist-covered moor-fens; men do not know where

Witches and wizards wander and ramble.

So the foe of mankind many of evils

Grievous injuries, often accomplished,

Horrible hermit; Heort he frequented,

Gem-bedecked palace, when night-shades had fallen

(Since God did oppose him, not the throne could he touch,

The light-flashing jewel, love of Him knew not).

’Twas a fearful affliction to the friend of the Scyldings

Soul-crushing sorrow. Not seldom in private

Sat the king in his council; conference held they

What the braves should determine ’gainst terrors unlooked for.

At the shrines of their idols often they promised

Gifts and offerings, earnestly prayed they

The devil from hell would help them to lighten

Their people’s oppression. Such practice they used then,

Hope of the heathen; hell they remembered

In innermost spirit, God they knew not,

Judge of their actions, All-wielding Ruler,

No praise could they give the Guardian of Heaven,

The Wielder of Glory. Woe will be his who

Through furious hatred his spirit shall drive to

The clutch of the fire, no comfort shall look for,

Wax no wiser; well for the man who,

Living his life-days, his Lord may face

And find defence in his Father’s embrace!

The translation is based on ‘weras,’ adopted by H.-So.—K. and Th.

read ‘wera’ and, arranging differently, render 119(2)-120: They knew not

sorrow, the wretchedness of man, aught of misfortune.—For ‘unhælo’ (120)

R. suggests ‘unfælo’: The uncanny creature, greedy and cruel, etc.

S. rearranges and translates: So he ruled and struggled unjustly, one against

all, till the noblest of buildings stood useless (it was a long while) twelve years’

time: the friend of the Scyldings suffered distress, every woe, great sorrows, etc.

For ‘syððan,’ B. suggests ‘sárcwidum’: Hence in mournful words it became

well known, etc. Various other words beginning with ‘s’ have been

conjectured.

The H.-So. glossary is very inconsistent in referring to this passage.—‘Sibbe’

(154), which H.-So. regards as an instr., B. takes as accus., obj. of

‘wolde.’ Putting a comma after Deniga, he renders: He did not desire

peace with any of the Danes, nor did he wish to remove their life-woe, nor to

settle for money.

Of this difficult passage the following interpretations among others are

given: (1) Though Grendel has frequented Heorot as a demon, he could not

become ruler of the Danes, on account of his hostility to God. (2) Hrothgar

was much grieved that Grendel had not appeared before his throne to receive

presents. (3) He was not permitted to devastate the hall, on account of the

Creator; i.e. God wished to make his visit fatal to him.—Ne … wisse (169)

W. renders: Nor had he any desire to do so; ‘his’ being obj. gen. = danach.